Making A Black And White Print

Materials

• timers
• drying cabinets
• tongs
• enlargers
• focusing aids
• safe lights

Chemicals

• developer
• stop bath
• fixer

Procedures

 Secure the lens in the enlarger headand raise or lower the enlarger head. Place negatives emulsion-side-up on top of the print paper and lay a piece of glass over the negatives to hold them in place. Set the enlarger time varies on the  density of the negative. Place the exposed print paper in the developer tray.
Take the paper out of the developer with tongs and let all excess liquid drain off of the paper before placing it in the stop bath tray. Place in stop bath tray, leaving resin-coated paper in the stop bath. Take the paper out of the stop bath and place in the fixer. Place paper in wash after taking it out of the fixer and when done with wash put paper on drying rack. Take negative strip out of sleeve and place inside the frame in the center of the negative carrier and close the enlarger head. Focus the image on the easel using the white side of a piece of exposed print paper. Place a piece of cardboard over the test strip, leaving a small part exposed and
after each exposure, move the cardboard to reveal more of the test strip until it is completely exposed and develop the test strip. 

Switch on the enlarger light. Place a masking easel and place a used piece of photographic print paper white-side-up on the easel. Scale and focus image and create a border around the image. Switch off the enlarger light and place a sheet of unused print paper emulsion-side-up on the easel. Place filter in filter holder and close securely.Set the aperture and timer using the test-strip as a guide. Switch on timer. After exposing the print paper, place it in the developer tray and proceed with processing.

Vocab

• emulsion-a composition sensitive to some or all of the actinic rays of light, consisting of one or more of the silver halides suspended in gelatin, applied in a thin layer to one surface of a film or the like.
• aperture-an opening, usually circular, that limits the quantity of light that can enter an optical instrument.
• masking easel-a frame, often with adjustable masks, used to hold photographic paper flat and control borders when printing enlargements.
• exposure-the total amount of light received by a photosensitive surface or an area of such a surface, expressed as the product of the degree of illumination and the period of illumination.
• safe light-a darkroom light with a filter that transmits only those rays of the spectrum to which films, printing paper, etc., are not sensitive.
• dodging-(in printing) to shade (an area of a print) from exposure for a period, while exposing the remainder of the print in order to lighten or eliminate the area (sometimes fol. by out ).
• burning-to expose one part of an image to more light by masking the other parts in order to darken and give greater detail to the unmasked area.